MESSAGEix-Materials

Description

This module adds material stock and flow accounting in MESSAGEix-GLOBIOM. The implementation currently includes four key energy/emission-intensive material industries: Iron&Steel, Aluminum, Cement, and Chemicals.

Code reference

Data preparation

These scripts are used to prepare and read the data into the model. They can be turned on and off individually under DATA_FUNCTIONS in __init__.py. For example, the buildings script (data_buildings.py) is only used when the buildings model outputs are given explicitly without linking the CHILLED/STURM model through a soft link.

message_ix_models.model.material.data_aluminum.gen_data_alu_ts(data: DataFrame, nodes: list) → dict[str, pandas.core.frame.DataFrame][source]

Generates time variable parameter data for aluminum sector :param data: time variable data from input file :type data: pd.DataFrame :param nodes: regions of model :type nodes: list

Returns:: key-value pairs of parameter names and parameter data
Return type:: pd.DataFrame

message_ix_models.model.material.data_aluminum.gen_data_aluminum(scenario: Scenario, dry_run: bool = False) → dict[str, pandas.core.frame.DataFrame][source]

Parameters:

scenario (message_ix.Scenario) – Scenario instance to build aluminum model on
dry_run (bool) – not implemented

Returns:

dict with MESSAGEix parameters as keys and parametrization as values stored in pd.DataFrame

Return type:

dict[pd.DataFrame]

message_ix_models.model.material.data_aluminum.read_data_aluminum(scenario: ~message_ix.core.Scenario) -> (<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>, <class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>, <class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>)[source]

Read and clean data from aluminum_techno_economic.xlsx.

Parameters:: scenario (message_ix.Scenario) – Scenario instance to build aluminum on
Returns:: returns aluminum data in three separate groups time indepenendent parameters, relation parameters and time dependent parameters
Return type:: tuple of three pd.DataFrames

message_ix_models.model.material.data_steel.gen_data_steel(scenario, dry_run=False)[source]: Generate data for materials representation of steel industry.

message_ix_models.model.material.data_cement.gen_data_cement(scenario, dry_run=False)[source]: Generate data for materials representation of cement industry.

message_ix_models.model.material.data_petro.read_data_petrochemicals(scenario)[source]: Read and clean data from petrochemicals_techno_economic.xlsx.

message_ix_models.model.material.data_power_sector.gen_data_power_sector(scenario, dry_run=False)[source]: Generate data for materials representation of power industry.

message_ix_models.model.material.data_buildings.gen_data_buildings(scenario, dry_run=False)[source]: Generate data for materials representation of steel industry.

message_ix_models.model.material.data_generic.read_data_generic(scenario)[source]: Read and clean data from generic_furnace_boiler_techno_economic.xlsx.

message_ix_models.model.material.data_ammonia_new.read_demand()[source]: Read and clean data from CD-Links SSP2 N-fertilizer demand.Global.xlsx.

message_ix_models.model.material.data_methanol_new.broadcast_nodes(df_bc_node: DataFrame, df_final: DataFrame, node_cols: List[str], node_cols_codes: Dict[str, Series], i: int) → DataFrame[source]

Broadcast nodes that were stored in pivoted row

Parameters:

df_bc_node (pd.DataFrame) –
df_final (pd.DataFrame) –
node_cols (List[str]) –
node_cols_codes (Dict[str, pd.Series]) –
i (int) –

message_ix_models.model.material.data_methanol_new.broadcast_years(df_bc_node: DataFrame, yr_col_out: List[str], yr_cols_codes: Dict[str, List[str]], col: str) → DataFrame[source]: Broadcast years that were stored in pivoted row :param df_bc_node: :type df_bc_node: pd.DataFrame :param yr_col_out: :type yr_col_out: List[str] :param yr_cols_codes: :type yr_cols_codes: ict[str, List[str]] :param col: :type col: str

message_ix_models.model.material.data_methanol_new.gen_data_methanol_new(scenario: Scenario) → Dict[str, DataFrame][source]

Generates data for methanol industry model

Parameters:: scenario (Scenario) –

message_ix_models.model.material.data_methanol_new.unpivot_input_data(df: DataFrame, par_name: str)[source]: Unpivot data that is already contains columns for respective MESSAGEix parameter :param df: DataFrame containing parameter data with year and node values pivoted :type df: pd.DataFrame :param par_name: name of MESSAGEix parameter :type par_name: str

Build and Solve the model from CLI

Note: To include material stocks from power sector message_ix should be the following version from source: https://github.com/iiasa/message_ix/tree/material_stock

Use mix-models materials-ix {SSP} build to add the material implementation on top of existing standard global (R12) scenarios, also giving the base scenario and indicating the relevant data location, e.g.:

mix-models \
    --url="ixmp://ixmp_dev/MESSAGEix-GLOBIOM 1.1-R12/baseline_DEFAULT#21" \
    --local-data "./data" material-ix SSP2 build --tag test

The output scenario name will be baseline_DEFAULT_test. An additional tag –tag can be used to add an additional suffix to the new scenario name. The mode option –mode has two different inputs ‘by_url’ (by default) or ‘by_copy’. The first one uses the provided url to add the materials implementation on top of the scenario from the url. This is the default option. The latter is used to create a 2 degree mitigation scenario with materials by copying carbon prices to the scenario that is specified by –scenario_name:

mix-models --url="ixmp://ixmp_dev/MESSAGEix-Materials/scenario_name" material-ix \
 build --tag test --mode by_copy

This command line only builds the scenario but does not solve it. To solve the scenario, use mix-models materials-ix solve, giving the scenario name, e.g.:

mix-models --url="ixmp://ixmp_dev/MESSAGEix-Materials/scenario_name" material-ix \
 SSP2 solve --add_calibration False --add_macro False

The solve command has the –add_calibration option to add MACRO calibration to a baseline scenario. –add_macro option solves the scenario with MACRO. Both options are False by default.To first calibrate the scenario and then solve that scenario with MACRO both options should be set to True.

Reporting

The reporting generates specific variables related to materials, mainly Production and Final Energy. The resulting reporting file is generated under message_ix_models\data\material\reporting_output with the name “New_Reporting_MESSAGEix-Materials_scenario_name.xlsx”. More detailed variables related to the whole energy system and emissions are not included in this reporting.

Reporting is executed by the following command:

mix-models --url="ixmp://ixmp_dev/MESSAGEix-Materials/scenario_name" \
    --local-data "./data" material-ix SSP2 report

To remove any existing timeseries in the scenario the following command can be used:

mix-models --url="ixmp://ixmp_dev/MESSAGEix-Materials/scenario_name" material-ix \
    SSP2 report --remove_ts True

Data, metadata, and configuration

Binary/raw data files

The code relies on the following input files, stored in data/material/:

CEMENT.BvR2010.xlsx: Historical cement demand data
STEEL_database_2012.xlsx: Historical steel demand data
Global_steel_cement_MESSAGE.xlsx: Techno-economic parametrization data for steel and cement sector combined (R12)
demand_aluminum.xlsx: Historical aluminum demand data
demand_aluminum.xlsx: Historical aluminum demand data
aluminum_techno_economic.xlsx: Techno-economic parametrization data for aluminum sector
generic_furnace_boiler_techno_economic.xlsx: Techno-economic parametrization data for generic furnace technologies
iamc_db ENGAGE baseline GDP PPP.xlsx: SSP GDP projection used for material demand projections
MESSAGEix-Materials_final_energy_industry.xlsx: Final energy values to calibrate base year values for industries
residual_industry_2019.xlsx: Final energy values to calculate the residual industry demand
nh3_fertilizer_demand.xlsx: Nitrogen fertilizer demand
fert_techno_economic.xlsx: Techno-economic parameters for NH3 production technologies
cost_conv_nh3.xlsx: Regional cost convergence settings for NH3 production technologies over time
methanol demand.xlsx: Methanol demand
methanol_sensitivity_pars.xlsx: Methanol sensitivity parameters
methanol_techno_economic.xlsx: Techno-economic parameters for methanol production technologies
petrochemicals_techno_economic.xls: Techno-economic parameters for refinery and high-value chemicals production technologies
steam_cracking_hist_act.csv: Steam cracker historical activities in R12 regions
steam_cracking_hist_new_cap.csv: Steam cracker historical capacities in R12 regions
NTNU_LCA_coefficients.xlsx: Material intensity (and other) coefficients for power plants based on lifecycle assessment (LCA) data from the THEMIS database, compiled in the ADVANCE project.
MESSAGE_global_model_technologies.xlsx: Technology list of global MESSAGEix-GLOBIOM model with mapping to LCA technology dataset.
LCA_region_mapping.xlsx: Region mapping of global 11-regional MESSAGEix-GLOBIOM model to regions of THEMIS LCA dataset.
LCA_commodity_mapping.xlsx: Commodity mapping (for materials) of global 11-regional MESSAGEix-GLOBIOM model to commodities of THEMIS LCA dataset.
SSP_UE_dyn_input.xlsx: Calibration file for industry end-use energy demands
SSP_UE_dyn_input_all.xlsx: Calibration file for end-use energy demands
iea_mappings/all_technologies.csv: Mapping of MESSAGEix-GLOBIOM technologies to IEA EWEB flows and products
iea_mappings/chemicals.csv: Mapping of MESSAGEix-GLOBIOM industry technologies to IEA EWEB products of chemical sector flows
iea_mappings/industry.csv: Mapping of MESSAGEix-GLOBIOM industry technologies to IEA EWEB products of industry sector flows not covered by MESSAGEix-Materials
ammonia/demand_NH3.yaml: Ammonia demand in each R12 region in year 2020
other/mer_to_ppp_default.csv: Default conversion factors for GDP MER to PPP used in MESSAGEix-GLOBIOM SSP2 scenarios. Used to create demand projections for steel/cement/aluminum/chemicals if GDP_PPP data is not in scenario
buildings/LED_LED_report_IAMC_sensitivity_R12.csv: Data from MESSAGEix-Buidings LED scenarios used to get steel/cement/aluminum demands from buildings
buildings/report_IRP_SSP2_BL_comm_R12.csv: Commerical sector data from MESSAGEix-Buidings used to get steel/cement/aluminum demands from buildings
buildings/report_IRP_SSP2_BL_resid_R12.csv: Residential sector data from MESSAGEix-Buidings used to get steel/cement/aluminum demands from buildings
/methanol/results_material_SHAPE_comm.csv: Commercial sector data from MESSAGEix-Buidings SHAPE scenario used to get wood demands from buildings to estimate resin demands
/methanol/results_material_SHAPE_resid.csv: Residential sector data from MESSAGEix-Buidings SHAPE scenario used to get wood demands from buildings to estimate resin demands
/methanol/results_material_SSP2_comm.csv: Commercial sector data from MESSAGEix-Buidings SSP2 scenario used to get wood demands from buildings to estimate resin demands
/methanol/results_material_SSP2_resid.csv: Residential sector data from MESSAGEix-Buidings SSP2 scenario used to get wood demands from buildings to estimate resin demands

`material/set.yaml`

# Configuration for message_data.model.material
#
# NB these values are currently for the nitrogen fertilizer materials
#    accounting. Different sets can be created once there are 2+ different
#    categories of materials.


common:
  commodity:
    require:
    - coal
    - gas
    - electr
    - ethanol
    - methanol
    - fueloil
    - lightoil
    - hydrogen
    - lh2
    - d_heat
    add:
    - biomass
    - water
    - fresh_water

  level:
    require:
    - primary
    - secondary
    - useful
    - final
    - water_supply
    - export
    - import

  type_tec:
    add:
    - industry

  mode:
    add:
    - M1
    - M2

  emission:
    add:
    - CO2
    - CH4
    - N2O
    - NOx
    - SO2
    - PM2p5 # Just add there since it is already in Shaohui's data
    - CF4
    - CO2_industry
    - CO2_transport
    - CO2_transformation

  year:
    add:
    - 1980
    - 1990
    - 2000
    - 2010

  type_year:
    add:
    - 2010

generic:
  commodity:
    add:
    - ht_heat
    - lt_heat

  level:
    add:
    - useful_steel
    - useful_cement
    - useful_aluminum
    - useful_refining
    - useful_petro
    - useful_resins

  technology:
    add:
    - furnace_foil_steel
    - furnace_loil_steel
    - furnace_biomass_steel
    - furnace_ethanol_steel
    - furnace_methanol_steel
    - furnace_gas_steel
    - furnace_coal_steel
    - furnace_elec_steel
    - furnace_h2_steel
    - hp_gas_steel
    - hp_elec_steel
    - fc_h2_steel
    - solar_steel
    - dheat_steel
    - furnace_foil_cement
    - furnace_loil_cement
    - furnace_biomass_cement
    - furnace_ethanol_cement
    - furnace_methanol_cement
    - furnace_gas_cement
    - furnace_coal_cement
    - furnace_elec_cement
    - furnace_h2_cement
    - hp_gas_cement
    - hp_elec_cement
    - fc_h2_cement
    - solar_cement
    - dheat_cement
    - furnace_coal_aluminum
    - furnace_foil_aluminum
    - furnace_loil_aluminum
    - furnace_ethanol_aluminum
    - furnace_biomass_aluminum
    - furnace_methanol_aluminum
    - furnace_gas_aluminum
    - furnace_elec_aluminum
    - furnace_h2_aluminum
    - hp_gas_aluminum
    - hp_elec_aluminum
    - fc_h2_aluminum
    - solar_aluminum
    - dheat_aluminum
    - furnace_coke_petro
    - furnace_coal_petro
    - furnace_foil_petro
    - furnace_loil_petro
    - furnace_ethanol_petro
    - furnace_biomass_petro
    - furnace_methanol_petro
    - furnace_gas_petro
    - furnace_elec_petro
    - furnace_h2_petro
    - hp_gas_petro
    - hp_elec_petro
    - fc_h2_petro
    - solar_petro
    - dheat_petro
    - furnace_coke_refining
    - furnace_coal_refining
    - furnace_foil_refining
    - furnace_loil_refining
    - furnace_ethanol_refining
    - furnace_biomass_refining
    - furnace_methanol_refining
    - furnace_gas_refining
    - furnace_elec_refining
    - furnace_h2_refining
    - hp_gas_refining
    - hp_elec_refining
    - fc_h2_refining
    - solar_refining
    - dheat_refining
    - furnace_coal_resins
    - furnace_foil_resins
    - furnace_loil_resins
    - furnace_ethanol_resins
    - furnace_biomass_resins
    - furnace_methanol_resins
    - furnace_gas_resins
    - furnace_elec_resins
    - furnace_h2_resins
    - hp_gas_resins
    - hp_elec_resins
    - fc_h2_resins
    - solar_resins
    - dheat_resins
  mode:
    add:
    - low_temp
    - high_temp

petro_chemicals:
  commodity:
    require:
    - crudeoil
    add:
    - HVC
    - naphtha
    - kerosene
    - diesel
    - atm_residue
    - refinery_gas
    - atm_gasoil
    - atm_residue
    - vacuum_gasoil
    - vacuum_residue
    - gasoline
    - heavy_foil
    - light_foil
    - propylene
    - pet_coke
    - ethane
    - propane
    - ethylene
    - BTX
    remove:
    - i_feed

  level:
    require:
    - secondary
    - final
    add:
    - pre_intermediate
    - desulfurized
    - intermediate
    - secondary_material
    - final_material
    - demand

  balance_equality:
    add:
      - ["lightoil", "import"]
      - ["lightoil", "export"]
      - ["fueloil", "import"]
      - ["fueloil", "export"]

  mode:
    add:
    - atm_gasoil
    - vacuum_gasoil
    - naphtha
    - kerosene
    - diesel
    - cracking_gasoline
    - cracking_loil
    - ethane
    - propane
    - light_foil
    - refinery_gas
    - refinery_gas_int
    - heavy_foil
    - pet_coke
    - atm_residue
    - vacuum_residue
    - gasoline
    - ethylene
    - propylene
    - BTX

  technology:
    add:
    - atm_distillation_ref
    - vacuum_distillation_ref
    - hydrotreating_ref
    - catalytic_cracking_ref
    - visbreaker_ref
    - coking_ref
    - catalytic_reforming_ref
    - hydro_cracking_ref
    - steam_cracker_petro
    - ethanol_to_ethylene_petro
    - agg_ref
    - gas_processing_petro
    - trade_petro
    - import_petro
    - export_petro
    - feedstock_t/d
    - production_HVC
    remove:
    # Any representation of refinery.
    - ref_hil
    - ref_lol
    - coal_fs
    - coal_fs
    - ethanol_fs
    - gas_fs
    - foil_fs
    - loil_fs
    - methanol_fs

  shares:
    add:
    - steam_cracker

steel:
  commodity:
    add:
    - steel
    - pig_iron
    - sponge_iron
    - sinter_iron
    - pellet_iron
    - ore_iron
    - limestone_iron
    - coke_iron
    - slag_iron
    - co_gas
    - bf_gas

  level:
    add:
    - new_scrap
    - old_scrap_1
    - old_scrap_2
    - old_scrap_3
    - primary_material
    - secondary_material
    - tertiary_material
    - final_material
    - useful_material
    - waste_material
    - product
    - demand
    - dummy_emission
    - end_of_life
    - dummy_end_of_life

  technology:
    add:
    - cokeoven_steel
    - sinter_steel
    - pellet_steel
    - bf_steel
    - dri_steel
    - bof_steel
    - eaf_steel
    - prep_secondary_steel_1
    - prep_secondary_steel_2
    - prep_secondary_steel_3
    - finishing_steel
    - manuf_steel
    - scrap_recovery_steel
    - DUMMY_ore_supply
    - DUMMY_limestone_supply_steel
    - DUMMY_coal_supply
    - DUMMY_gas_supply
    - trade_steel
    - import_steel
    - export_steel
    - other_EOL_steel
    - total_EOL_steel

  relation:
    add:
      - minimum_recycling_steel
      - max_global_recycling_steel
      - max_regional_recycling_steel

  balance_equality:
    add:
      - ["steel","old_scrap_1"]
      - ["steel","old_scrap_2"]
      - ["steel","old_scrap_3"]
      - ["steel","end_of_life"]
      - ["steel","product"]
      - ["steel","new_scrap"]
      - ["steel","useful_material"]
      - ["steel","final_material"]

cement:
  commodity:
    add:
    - cement
    - clinker_cement
    - raw_meal_cement
    - limestone_cement

  level:
    add:
    - primary_material
    - secondary_material
    - tertiary_material
    - final_material
    - useful_material
    - demand
    - dummy_end_of_life
    - end_of_life

  technology:
    add:
    - raw_meal_prep_cement
    - clinker_dry_cement
    - clinker_wet_cement
    - clinker_dry_ccs_cement
    - clinker_wet_ccs_cement
    - grinding_ballmill_cement
    - grinding_vertmill_cement
    - DUMMY_limestone_supply_cement
    - total_EOL_cement
    - other_EOL_cement
    - scrap_recovery_cement

    remove:
    - cement_co2scr
    - cement_CO2

  relation:
    remove:
    - cement_pro
    - cement_scrub_lim

  balance_equality:
    add:
      - ["cement","end_of_life"]

  addon:
    add:
    - clinker_dry_ccs_cement
    - clinker_wet_ccs_cement

  type_addon:
    add:
    - ccs_cement

  map_tec_addon:
    add:
    - [clinker_dry_cement, ccs_cement]
    - [clinker_wet_cement, ccs_cement]

  cat_addon:
    add:
    - [ccs_cement, clinker_dry_ccs_cement]
    - [ccs_cement, clinker_wet_ccs_cement]

aluminum:
  commodity:
    add:
    - aluminum

  level:
    add:
    - new_scrap
    - old_scrap_1
    - old_scrap_2
    - old_scrap_3
    - useful_aluminum
    - final_material
    - useful_material
    - product
    - secondary_material
    - demand
    - end_of_life
    - dummy_end_of_life_1
    - dummy_end_of_life_2
    - dummy_end_of_life_3


  technology:
    add:
    - soderberg_aluminum
    - prebake_aluminum
    - secondary_aluminum
    - prep_secondary_aluminum_1
    - prep_secondary_aluminum_2
    - prep_secondary_aluminum_3
    - finishing_aluminum
    - manuf_aluminum
    - scrap_recovery_aluminum_1
    - scrap_recovery_aluminum_2
    - scrap_recovery_aluminum_3
    - DUMMY_alumina_supply
    - trade_aluminum
    - import_aluminum
    - export_aluminum
    - other_EOL_aluminum
    - total_EOL_aluminum

  relation:
    add:
      - minimum_recycling_aluminum
      - maximum_recycling_aluminum

  balance_equality:
    add:
      - ["aluminum","old_scrap_1"]
      - ["aluminum","old_scrap_2"]
      - ["aluminum","old_scrap_3"]
      - ["aluminum","end_of_life"]
      - ["aluminum","product"]
      - ["aluminum","new_scrap"]

fertilizer:
  commodity:
    require:
    - electr
    #- freshwater_supply removed for SSP_dev developments, is added in build if missing
    add:
    - NH3
    - Fertilizer Use|Nitrogen
    - wastewater
  level:
    add:
    - secondary_material
    - final_material
    - wastewater
  technology:
    require:
    - h2_bio_ccs  # Reference for vent-to-storage ratio
    add:
    - biomass_NH3
    - electr_NH3
    - gas_NH3
    - coal_NH3
    - fueloil_NH3
    - NH3_to_N_fertil
    - trade_NFert
    - export_NFert
    - import_NFert
    - trade_NH3
    - export_NH3
    - import_NH3
    - residual_NH3
    - biomass_NH3_ccs
    - gas_NH3_ccs
    - coal_NH3_ccs
    - fueloil_NH3_ccs
  relation:
    add:
      - NH3_trd_cap
      - NFert_trd_cap

methanol:
  commodity:
    require:
    - electr
    - biomass
    - hydrogen
    - d_heat
    add:
    - methanol
    - ht_heat
    - formaldehyde
    - ethylene
    - propylene
    - fcoh_resin

  level:
    add:
    - final_material
    - secondary_material
    - primary_material
    - export_fs
    - import_fs

  mode:
    add:
    - feedstock
    - fuel
    - ethanol

  technology:
    add:
    - meth_bio
    - meth_bio_ccs
    - meth_h2
    - meth_t_d_material
    - MTO_petro
    - CH2O_synth
    - CH2O_to_resin
    - meth_coal
    - meth_coal_ccs
    - meth_ng
    - meth_ng_ccs
    - meth_t_d
    - meth_bal
    - meth_trd
    - meth_exp
    - meth_imp
    remove:
    - sp_meth_I
    - meth_rc
    - meth_ic_trp
    - meth_fc_trp
    - meth_i
    - meth_coal
    - meth_coal_ccs
    - meth_ng
    - meth_ng_ccs
    - meth_t_d
    - meth_bal
    - meth_trd
    - meth_exp
    - meth_imp

  addon:
    add:
      - meth_h2

  type_addon:
    add:
      - methanol_synthesis_addon

  map_tec_addon:
    add:
      - [h2_elec, methanol_synthesis_addon]

  cat_addon:
    add:
      - [methanol_synthesis_addon, meth_h2]

  relation:
    add:
      - CO2_PtX_trans_disp_split
      - meth_exp_tot

  balance_equality:
    add:
    - ["methanol","export"]
    - ["methanol","export_fs"]
    - ["methanol","import"]
    - ["methanol","import_fs"]
    - ["methanol","final"]

  emission:
    add:
    - BCA
    - CO
    - HFC
    - OCA
    - NH3
    - SF6
    - VOC

buildings:
  level:
    add:
    - service

  commodity:
    add:
    - floor_area

  technology:
    add:
    - buildings

power_sector:
  unit:
    add:
      - t/kW

# NB this codelist added by #125

# iron-steel:
#   name: Iron and Steel
#   description: Iron is a chemical element with the symbol Fe, while steel is an alloy of iron and carbon and, sometimes, other elements. Measured as the total mass of material.
#   unit: Mt
#
# non-ferrous:
#   name: Non-ferrous metals
#   description: Metals and alloys which do not contain iron. Measured as the total mass of material.
#   unit: Mt
#
# aluminum:
#   name: Aluminum
#   description: Aluminum (or aluminium) is a chemical element with the symbol Al. Measured as the total mass of material.
#   unit: Mt
#   parent: non-ferrous
#
# copper:
#   name: Copper
#   description: Copper is a chemical element with the symbol Cu. Measured as the total mass of material.
#   unit: Mt
#   parent: non-ferrous
#
# minerals:
#   name: Minerals
#   description: Non-metallic minerals are minerals that have no metallic luster, break easily and include, e.g., sand, limestone, marble, clay and salt. Measured as the FE-equivalent mass of material using LCA midpoint characterization factors.
#   unit: MtFe-eq
#
# cement:
#   name: Cement
#   description: Cement is a binder used for construction that sets, hardens, and adheres to other materials to bind them together. Measured as the total mass of material.
#   unit: Mt
#   parent: minerals
#
# chemicals:
#   name: Chemicals
#   description: Industrial chemicals that form the basis of many products. Measured as the total mass of material.
#   unit: Mt
#
# ethylene:
#   name: Ethylene
#   description: Ethylene is a hydrocarbon with the formula C2H4. Measured as the total mass of material.
#   unit: Mt
#   parent: chemicals
#
# ammonia:
#   name: Ammonia
#   description: Ammonia is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula NH3. Measured as the total mass of material.
#   unit: Mt
#   parent: chemicals
#
# paper-pulp:
#   name: Paper and pulp for paper
#   description: Pulp is a lignocellulosic fibrous material prepared by chemically or mechanically separating cellulose fibers and the raw material for making paper. Measured as the total mass of material.
#   unit: Mt